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THE NUREMBERG CODE
The following is an excerpt from theNuremberg Code reprinted by the
Office of Human Subjects Research - National Institutes of Health
http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/nuremberg.php3
Posted by
Clifford E Carnicom
Feb 01 2001
Directives for Human Experimentation
NUREMBERG CODE
"The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means
that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise
free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or
other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements
of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. This latter
element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there
should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method and means by which
it is to be conducted; all inconveniences and hazards reasonable to be expected; and the effects upon his health
or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment."
Reprinted from Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Vol. 2, pp. 181-182.. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949.